Measurement

Measurement Bias refers to errors or inaccuracies in the measurement of variables, which can undermine the validity of research outcomes. Causes vary across data types, with

• poorly designed questions or respondents’ lacking engagement with the questionnaire leading to response biases and distorted responses in survey data,
• challenges of matching observable digital behaviors with theoretical concepts and measurement inconsistencies across platforms affecting digital behavioral data, and
• inconsistencies in construct specification or varying measurement standards between different datasets impacting the overall validity of linked data.